Clays and Pottery Essay -- Art Molding Papers

Clays and Pottery Ceramicists, working either on a wheel or building by hand, define three main classes of clay bodies or mixtures: earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. These are divided on the basis of firing temperatures and the character (hardness, vitrification and durability) of the final material. Each clay body is composed of a mixture of clay minerals and other materials such as sand or fine gravel and "fluxing" agents which affect the color and texture when fired. Instead of discussing clays solely in terms of their chemical formulae, determined by x-ray diffraction, potters group clays into classes based on more general properties of the entire clay body, such as texture and color. One distinction potters make is between primary or residual clays, and secondary or sedimentary clays. Kaolin is the major primary clay which is used in ceramics. The use of the name "kaolin" for a clay body encompasses more than a body composed of pure kaolinite crystals, however, according to Rhodes, the composition of kaolin clays generally fall with in the bounds of kaolinite's composition: 46%silica, 39% alumina, 13% water (Rhodes p. 47). Kaolinite has the most basic 1:1 tetrahedral-octahedral clay structure, and maintains a simple and pure composition. So when kaolin is fired along with some silica and feldspar, it forms a highly refractory white solid. As the main ingredient in porcelain, Kaolin comprises, on average, about 50% of a porcelain mixture. Kaolin is not very plastic and thus presents a challenge to the potter in its pure state; however, some Kaolins are of sedimentary origin (such as those sifted from sands in Florida) and therefore have a smaller particle size which increases the plasticity. Generally though, kaoli... ...In dark colored ball clays containing highly expandible minerals, the increased amount of water in the system coming from the interlayer sites can lower the melting point. In addition, the pre-fired color of a clay body may be quite different from the fired color due to the fact that organic material often colors a wet clay, yet burns away during firing without leaving a stain. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chappell, James. The Potter's Complete Book of Clay and Glazes. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1977. Conrad, John, W. Contemporary Ceramic Formulas. New York: Macmillan, 1980. Rhodes, Daniel. Stoneware and Porcelain: The Art of High-Fired Pottery. New York: Chilton Company, 1959. Velde, Bruce (editor). Origin and Mineralogy of Clays: Clays and the Environment. New York: Springer, 1995. Velde, Bruce. Introduction to Clay Minerals. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1992.

Compare the presentation and content of the article in the Mirror and the article in the Guardian

‘Communities in Britain aren't used to gun culture'. However, what is gun culture? Although gun crime is increasing, is it the so-called glamorous ‘culture' that is fuelling it? On the other hand, is it the society we live in and our failure to instil morals and principles in our children? In this essay I am going to compare how a tabloid and the website of a broadsheet presents and reports this issue. I shall be looking at the different presentational devices and visual images used, language and the structure and context of the material. Firstly, the difference in media is immediately clear. The Mirror, a tabloid paper, has a big picture of Ice Cube the rap artist spread across two pages as its main focal point with the heading ‘Don't let music take the rap'. In contrast, the Guardian's website has very little in the way of pictures and has the text as the main focal point with a small heading. As this is a broadsheet, I would expect it to be much the same in the actual paper. On the other hand, both papers have used puns in their headings. The Mirror uses ‘Don't let music take the rap' and the Guardian uses ‘Bullet points'. Both headlines are used for the same reason- to catch the reader's attention and to inform the reader what the article is about. Furthermore, in the tabloid paper the picture of Ice Cube holding a gun promoting his film is very similar to the one of Trevor Nelson in the main article, since they are both wearing black leather jackets and black hats. Implying that both of them are involved in the same sort of lifestyle. The Guardian does not use such presentational devices to make the article more appealing to the reader but it does have a small picture with the words ‘Gun violence in Britain' on a red back ground suggesting blood. Both papers have a number of articles relating to the main subject but have them displayed in very different ways. The Mirror has a number of small columns relating to the main editorial, which are spread around the outside of the two pages, Dealing with various aspects of gun culture, so as to hold the readers attention the info has been broken down into digestible ‘bites'. On the other hand, it may distract the reader's attention from the main article. However, the Guardian has a number of hyperlinks to related articles so there are no other actual pieces on the same page as the ‘Bullet points' article. This once again shows the difference in media and how the two papers are able to present their articles. At the bottom of the main article in the Mirror there is a section asking the public to write in if gang life has affected them. Here the Mirror is inviting readership participation, much as TV shows such as Jerry Springer and Oprah, this invites an on going discussion, which may provide the paper with a good story. They are also probably expecting sensationalist replies. The Guardian does not use this since its editorship probably thinks its readers have the confidence to write in anyway. Since the presentation of the two articles is so different and the fact that one paper is a tabloid and the other is a broadsheet, you would expect the content of the two articles to be very different. First of all, the difference in paragraph sizes is immediately clear. The Trevor Nelson piece in the Mirror is mostly single sentence paragraphs. On the other hand, the paragraphs in the Guardian are slightly longer with three to four sentences in a paragraph. Apart from this, the articles are not very different, both articles are against blaming music for gun crime, ‘†¦it is wrong to blame gun crime and violence on music', and ‘To blame gun violence on music is to simplify and distort the problem.' This in the Mirror's case is contradictory to the picture of a rap star holding a gun. The Mirrors main article is supposed to be Trevor Nelson's views on the subject written by a reporter. On the other hand, Willber Willberforce, a programs editor at ‘1Xtra', expressing his views on the subject, writes the Guardian's main piece: Both articles are mainly opinion and have little or no facts in them; this is a sentence from the Mirror's article. ‘All a kid has to do to prove he is the baddest boy in the area is to get a rumour going he's got a gun.' This is a sentence from the Guardian's piece. ‘Music is in everybody's house, in everybody's car, but does not dictate peoples morals.' Furthermore, the language in both articles is quite informal; ‘†¦if you pardon the pun, would be not to give them any ammunition.' since the Guardian is a broadsheet, a more formal approach to the subject would have been expected. Moreover, the difference in the level of vocabulary used by both papers is little or none; this is an extract from The Guardian: ‘†¦It is a social problem that has lots of contributing factors. To blame gun violence on music is to distort and oversimplify the problem.' In contrast, here is a sentence from the Mirror: ‘Nelson is adamant that it is wrong to blame gun crime and violence on music and says the fault lies in the heart of society.' Here you can see that the level of vocabulary is the same. Although, both papers use people in the music industry to write their articles the way two papers choose to do this is very different. The Mirror does this by getting a reporter to interview Trevor Nelson and then write an article expressing his views. On the other hand, The Guardian gets the Programmes editor at 1xtra to write his own article expressing his views this enables him to speak directly to the reader rather than through the filter of a reporter. Moreover, the way the two pieces are structured is very different; The ‘Bullet points' article starts of by talking about how gun crime has got worse, ‘gun violence has undoubtedly got worse'. Then goes on to discussing the reasons why people feel the need to carry guns, and then it blames the media for the way they portray urban musicians, ‘Megaman visits a hospital, but that's not newsworthy.' Finally, the writer chooses to end the piece talking about how most popular urban artists don't actually talk about guns and violence in their songs, ‘†¦the biggest selling urban acts today†¦ are basically singing love songs.' In contrast, the Trevor Nelson article in the Mirror begins by talking about how music is not to blame for gun crime and violence but society, ‘†¦the fault lies at the heart of society.' Then the article goes on to talk about how what is happening with urban music is no different to football hooliganism: ‘But this is no different to the hooligan days when yobs used football as vehicle for their aggression.' Lastly, the article ends talking about Trevor Nelson's first hand experience of gun crime at a club he was DJ-ing at. ‘I was devastated. To know someone got killed at a party where I was DJ-ing†¦' I think the Trevor Nelson article makes its points most effectively it is better structured and is well thought out. Moreover, Nelson has more credibility because he has given an MBE for bringing urban music to the UK, whereas Wilberforce is less well known. On the other hand, due to the readership of both papers it is not very lightly that the readers will know who either Nelson or willberforce are. The ‘Bullet Points' article in the Guardian did not have a main point on why not to blame music, it seemed to push the blame to the media. In addition, it said that the most popular urban artists sing love songs, in spite of the fact that Eminem is one of the biggest selling urban acts and one of the most controversial due to the nature of his lyrics. Furthermore, in this piece there are a number of questions asked by the writer that are left unanswered: ‘If there were no records glorifying guns, would they still feel they needed to carry a gun?' Or ‘Where do the influences on peoples behaviour begin and end?' In conclusion, the way in which the two papers covered the issue was very different from each other, although surprisingly they did have their similarities in vocabulary and language. Moreover, there were clearly some advantages and disadvantages in the medium chosen to report the subject, such as; for the Guardian, the internet enabled them to use a number of hyperlinks to satellite article but the reader would have to know the web address to get to their site first. In contrast the Mirror could guarantee that the reader would at least glance at each article whether they chose to read it or not but because they were using paper they had a limited amount of space available for articles.

Martin Luther King, Jr.s Speech, I have a Dream, Led to...

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech on August 28, 1963 led the way for a much needed change in America’s Civil Rights Era. Martin’s life brought about much needed change to allow black people to have equal opportunities. Martin Luther King, Jr. came from a long line of Southern Baptist Preachers. His father and grandfather’s influence led the way for him to also become a Baptist preacher. The man he was came from his strong convictions in the word of God. This gave him the courage and conviction to preach and lead his people in non-violent demonstrations to begin the struggle for true equality for all men. All men needed equal opportunities, shelter, education, a job and the ability to better themselves. His good Baptist family life established the man that he was to become. He knew exactly what he needed for his wife, and at college met Coretta who would fit his requirements and become his partner and the mother of his children. His college education would enlighten him and provide the substance for his sermons at his church. Martin is well known for his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech but he did not live the life of a saint. Unfortunately, the FBI has footage of Martin showing what is believed to be him engaging in extra marital affairs. Also, Dr. Clayborne Carson, who led the project to produce â€Å"The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.†, discovered that Martin was plagiarizing some of his papers that he wrote while attending undergraduate and graduate classes. Dr.Show MoreRelatedThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement took place in the late 1950’s though the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. 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His speech tackled the biggest problem within society head on and the march, consisting of whites, blacks, and members of many different ethnic gr oups displayed a society that was ready for change. The march itself consisted of roughly 200,000 to 300Read MoreI Have a Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagesimagine a world where you were judged based on the color of your skin? In the 1950’s one man was tired of this and dedicated his life to changing it. Martin Luther King Jr. made an enormous impact in the world that we live in today. He wanted freedom for all and fought an endless battle to get us to where we are. Martin was an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. By using, speeches, marches and his actions he accomplished his goal and

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Dewey s Theory Of Education Essay - 884 Words

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Methods For Proximal Caries Detection Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Dental cavities diagnostic methods usually use ocular review, haptic scrutiny, approximal skiagraphy, and fibre ocular transillumination ( FOTI ) 14. Although bitewing skiagraphy for diagnosing of cavities in single patients is an constituted clinical technique, the value of bitewing skiagraphy for the sensing of cavities in big population groups is still controversial23.In primary teething, usage of bitewing skiagraphy increases the sensing rate of proximal surface cavities substantially21. We will write a custom essay sample on Methods For Proximal Caries Detection Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Surveies in the lasting teething suggest that the betterment in cavities sensing was by and large in the order of around 3-5 per cent, and that bitewing skiagraphy likely has greatest value in those populations with the highest cavities rates6,9,15,22,29.The rapid progresss in computing machine engineering have had a important impact on dental skiagraphy. In 1987 the first direct digital system became commercially available as an option to conventional skiagraphy. Equally far as diagnostic truth is concerned, digital and conventional skiagraphy give comparable consequences for observing caries24, 27, 28. The combination of early sensing with new interventional methodological analysis and cavities direction will be the preferable dental pattern in the hereafter. Previous surveies have shown cavities are really hard to name at early phases. Early on carious lesions detection through a conventional diagnosing method, including radiographic, ocular and haptic tests, is questionable because they can stop up with a hazard of a false-positive or false-negative diagnosis18. Till day of the month, bulk of surveies which investigate proximal cavities have been mostly in vitro1,5,7,12,17,20,25. Therefore, few surveies have been done to measure and compare proximal cavities clinically21. Hence, there is a demand to measure proximal cavities by comparing assorted diagnostic methods. A new method based on fluorescence measurings performed by a optical maser device has been turning in popularity known as DIAGNOdent pen – KaVo, Biberach, Germany. When the optical maser irradiates the tooth, the visible radiation is absorbed by organic and inorganic substances present in the dental tissues, every bit good as by metabolites from unwritten bacteriums. These metabolites could be porphyrins that are produced by several types of unwritten bacteriums. Surveies utilizing chromatography have found that porphyrins showed some fluorescence after excitement by ruddy visible radiation. For this ground, the dental tissue emits fluorescent visible radiation after irradiation by ruddy optical maser and, as the carious tissue increases the emitted fluorescent visible radiation compared to healthy tissue, this causes a important difference between carious and sound structures2. More late, several new standards systems have been proposed and evaluated, both to standardized terminology and methodological analysis for clinical tests and to profit practicians in holding a more all right grained attack to measuring easy lesions. The â€Å" International Caries Detection and Assessment System † ( ICDAS ) categorizes six phases in the carious procedure, runing from the clinically seeable alterations in enamel caused by demineralisation, through to extension cavitation10, 11. Therefore, with the above description, presently, proximal cavities sensing methods comprise of assorted method viz. , visual- tactile scrutiny with ICDAS II, FOTI with ICDAS II, Bitewing skiagraphy ( Conventional A ; Digital ) and Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing – DIAGNOdent pen. Therefore, the intent of this survey is to clinically compare and measure assorted diagnostic methods in primary and lasting grinders for proximal cavities sensing. Reappraisal of literature Davies GM et Al in 2001 studied in-vivo the usage of fiber-optic transillumination ( FOTI ) as a diagnostic tool in general dental pattern and concluded that the FOTI technique increased the sensing of approximal carious lesions. It was reported to be a utile diagnostic tool in general dental practice4. Heinrich-Weltzien R et Al in 2002 studied in-vivo cut-offs for occlusal cavities sensing by the optical maser fluorescence device DIAGNOdent ( DD ) in comparing to visual-ranked review ( VI ) and bitewing radiogram ( BW ) under status of a general alveolar consonant pattern and concluded that it is advised to measure occlusal surfaces by a punctilious VI followed by the usage of DD and/or BW as extra diagnostic tool of 2nd pick. A DD value of gt ; 20 could be confirmed as a sensitive cut-off for sensing of occlusal dentine cavities in first and 2nd lasting grinders. For the sensing of early marks of enamel cavities the DD seems to be less suitable8. Costa AM et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo the usage of a optical maser fluorescence device for sensing of occlusal cavities in lasting dentitions and concluded that although the optical maser device had an acceptable public presentation, this equipment should be used as an accessory method to ocular review to avoid false positive results3. Walsh et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo correlativities between Diagnodent optical maser fluorescence readings and clinical tonss for smooth ( buccal and linguistic ) surfaces of primary eyetooths and grinders utilizing ICDAS II, with peculiar involvement in white topographic point lesions and concluded that there is a patterned advance in optical maser fluorescence tonss with increasing badness of smooth surface enamel lesions in primary dentitions, from sound smooth surface enamel through white topographic point lesions and later to cavitation ; nevertheless, the Diagnodent should non be relied on as the sole means for cavities diagnosing because of the possibility of false positive readings if plaque remains on the surface. The joint findings of increased tonss with incipient decalcified lesions impacting enamel, and alterations in readings alining with cavities reversal or patterned advance lend some support to the clinical usage of Diagnodent as an assistance in supervising the adva ncement of early phases of the cavities procedure on smooth surfaces 26. Kavvadia K et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo the DIAGNOdent readings ( LF ) with those of direct ocular ( DV ) scrutiny, indirect ocular ( IDV ) scrutiny, bitewing skiagraphy ( BWR ) , and cavity and crevice gap ( PFO ) for the sensing of occlusal cavities in primary dentitions ; to find the cogency of this device utilizing PFO as mention ; and to measure its dependability and concluded that the LF device presented high dependability in the sensing of occlusal cavities in primary dentitions and its public presentation was similar to DV and radiographic examinations13. Newman B et Al in 2009 studied in-vivo the increased benefits of utilizing bitewing skiagraphy in add-on to the visual-tactile scrutiny technique for sensing of primary teething cavities in a non-fluoridated community, and determined the prevalence of â€Å" concealed † occlusal cavities in the primary teething and concluded that In the primary teething, usage of bitewing skiagraphy increases the sensing rate of proximal surface cavities well. It is recommended that bitewing skiagraphy be included as portion of the everyday scrutiny of kids with proximal surfaces that can non be visualized21. Purpose The purpose of this in-vivo survey is to compare and measure assorted diagnostic methods of proximal cavities sensing in primary and lasting grinders. Aim To compare visual- haptic scrutiny with ICDAS II ( VT ) , FOTI with ICDAS II ( TI ) , Conventional Bitewing skiagraphy ( C-BWR ) A ; Digital Bitewing skiagraphy ( D-BWR ) and Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing ( DIAGNOdent pen-LF ) for proximal cavities in primary and lasting grinders. To find relationship between assorted diagnostic methods for proximal cavities in posterior dentitions. MATERIALS A ; METHODS Materials Mouth mirror Probe Explorer Microlux Transilluminator ( FOTI ) DIAGNOdent pen Bitewing radiographic movie ( KODAK ) RVG Unit Round diamond bur Air rotor CPI investigation Method SAMPLE SELECTION: ( n = 100 ) Inclusion standards: Untreated sound or enamel and /or dentinal lesion proximal surfaces of lasting 1st Molar A ; primary 2nd Molar ( E A ; 6 – Zsigmondy-Palmer notation ) . Exclusion standards: Teeth with buccal, linguistic or occlusal carious lesions, fillings, crevice sealers A ; orthodontic sets. Medically compromised kid, Handicapped kid, victim of kid maltreatment A ; neglect, developmental malformations. Teeth with obvious proximal carious lesions ( clinically noticeable ) . Methodology This in-vivo survey will be carried out in the Department of Pedodontics, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences A ; Research Centre, Pune. The topics for the survey will be selected as per inclusion A ; exclusion standards from the Outpatient Department ( O.P.D. ) . The survey will be carried out from 1st January 2010 boulder clay 1st June 2011 for mentioned sample size. Prior to scrutiny, surfaces of dentitions are to be professionally cleaned amp ; dried. Two professionally trained testers, experienced in cavities diagnosing would be entitled for scrutiny of selected dentitions and standardization for intra- and inter-examiner variableness. After choice of the topics, an account about the survey is to be given and legal defenders of the patients have to subscribe an informed consent. Visual- haptic scrutiny with ICDAS II: Group I Visual-tactile scrutiny to be performed with oral cavity mirror, investigation A ; explorer under dental chair visible radiation without magnification. Proximal cavities is recorded utilizing ICDAS II. FOTI with ICDAS II: Group II Using the ICDAS II standards, scrutiny is performed with Microlux transilluminator device ( FOTI ) A ; the consequences to be recorded. Conventional Bitewing skiagraphy: Group III Bitewing radiogram is to be taken with conventional movies with an appropriate exposure clip. Development of movies is to be done manually under standard conditions. The following recording standard is to be followed: 0 – sound ( no radiolucency is seeable ) 1 – Decayed ( circumscribed distinguishable radiolucency is seeable ) X – No sentiment could be formed Digital Bitewing skiagraphy: Group IV Digital bitewing radiogram is to be taken with the aid of Digital X-ray unit ( RVG Unit ) . The images to be displayed on the proctor screen. The testers would be given the freedom to set the brightness and contrast of the image. Similar standard as above ( C-BWR ) is to be considered. Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing ( DIAGNOdent pen ) : Group V Following the above scrutiny methods, the proximal surfaces of the selected dentition topic to scrutiny with investigation tip 2 of the DIAGNOdent pen, conforming to industries instructions. The recording is done as per cut-off points suggested by Lussi, et al19. Validation When both testers agreed to the presence of proximal cavities, an operative intercession utilizing circular diamond bur and air rotor is to be done. This will function as a GOLD STANDARD in the proof method for diagnosing. The testers are supposed to utilize the dentin hardness standard with an adventurer to separate the carious and healthy dentin16. Tonss harmonizing to badness of the lesion was established for each validated tooth: 0 – no cavities 1 – Cavities confirmed to enamel 2 – Cavities widening to dentin Statistical Analysis The consequences obtained would be subjected to statistical analysis utilizing SPSS package. How to cite Methods For Proximal Caries Detection Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

A Case Analysis on Role Of Human Resource

Question: Prepare a Business Report that addresses the human resource issues raised in the case study as provided on the Moodle course site. Answer: Introduction: This report is an analysis of a given case study that is based on the strategic role of human resource within the organizational environment. The case study highlights upon the key issues related to the strategic human resource management depicted throughout the case scenario. It lays importance upon the need to develop a strategic as well as coordinated approach within any organizational environment for developing the most essential assets of any organization, its workforce(Bowen and Ostroff, 2004). The report provides important information about the various aspects of strategic human resource management and the roles that it has in the present business environment. Within the context of any organization the development of effective strategies is possible once organizational approaches for managing human resource are effectively understood by the firm. Various approaches which serve creation of particular strategies like developing capability of resources, higher performance, effect ive practices, higher commitment of management, etc. Human resource is considered to be one of the competitive advantages of any firm. Human resource management forms an integral part of the organization which deals with the welfare of both the organization and its employees (Chadwick, 2005). It basically coordinates the functions of al employees. In the context to human resource management, the changing situation of the competitive environment has led to the development of the concept of strategic human resource management. In the latest competitive environment, roles and responsibilities of the strategic human resource management have been increasing at a much wider pace(Bowen and Ostroff, 2004). Legal issues involved in Redundancy policy: The concept of redundancy as a human resource approach refers to a situation whereby the position of an employee is or will be becoming surplus towards the requirements of a business. As mentioned in the case study, the company Wordsmiths had acquired the book retailer Mainly Books, and this has raised the number of workforce and in turn exceeded the overall requirement of business (Campos e Cunha and Cunha, n.d.). There are excessive workforces and not all of them are equally productive to the organization. So, the CEO of Wordsmiths had a consultation with Gemma who is the human resource manager at the organization. It was decided upon to implement the redundancy policy. Commonly, redundancies are implemented for commercial reasons, and not due to any other causes like performance or capability issues. Any provisions of redundancy would be clearly stated in the Individual Employment Agreement or Collective Agreement on how a business would deal with the circumstance (Chadwick, 2005) . As referred to in the case study, the organization and its employers need to act in good faith that extends towards employers consulting with employees regarding the changes to organization such as how this would impact upon the workforce, informing the employees clearly about the selection criteria for redundancy, providing the employees with a reasonable notice period if chosen, and also advising them regarding any resource or assistance to be offered to redundant employees. Another important aspect the employer must take an account of is the impacts the redundancies upon the existing workforce. Since the process of downsizing might sometimes have adverse impact upon staff morale and productivity, it is important that the organization or its employers adopt a fair means to incorporate the process within the organization. If workforce within the mentioned organization bears a perceived idea that the employer does not treat the employees fairly in the process of redundancy, they w ould rather prefer moving on themselves since they would grow a belief that the organization would treat them the similar way during their turn. This would prove to be harmful for the organization in the long run. With reference to the given case study about Gemma, the Chief Executive Officer of Wordsmiths, Allan had suggested target individuals who are closer to retirement age while adopting the process of redundancy. This approach of Allan is quite justified and feasible since these are the individuals who have completed several successful years of employment and now at the verge of retirement. These individuals would not regret if few more years of their employment are cut off (Chen, 2009). Rather they would prefer taking a break after such a successful career. On the other hand, the younger generation of employees who are in the middle way of their career or have just started their career would prefer continuing with their services. And so, if the organization chose to redundant employees of the younger generation, then it would have created lot of buzz and resentment among the employees (Warner, 2013). So, the decision taken up by Allan was justified and feasible in terms of organizationa l approach. Human Resource Information System: As depicted in the case scenario, strategic human resource involves the implementation of human resource information management system. Basically this refers to the intersection of organizational human resources and that of information technology by means of human resource software(Warner, 2013). This concept permits all activities as well as processes of human resource to take place electronically. The CEO of the company Wordsmiths, Allan, had asked Gemma to configure the human resource information system for providing useful data regarding the workforce of the organization. In order to incorporate as desired, Gemma must lay effort in developing an effective system of information to maintain all confidential data nad information about the organizational workforce. The system must be developed and controlled in such a manner that the higher level authorities may extract and use the given set of information during the time of need. This human resource information system (HRIS) develop ed by Gemma would offer payroll, recruiting, benefits, training, and compliance solutions. Most of these would be flexibly designed as well as integrated databases, comprehensive attributes, effective reporting functions as well as analysis abilities which would be needed to manage the entire workforce. This system would provide Gemma with effective assistance. For an instance, an effective human resource information system would allow the organization to manage its employees by means of effective elements like HR and Payroll. Besides these essential software solutions, this human resource information system must offer various other options for helping the organizations to understand as well as utilize the collective skills, experiences, and talents of the employees(Warner, 2013). When Gemma would be implementing this system in the organization, it would enhance the process of communication and also prevent tedious paperwork by replacing it with easily-accessible and centralized loc ation for all policies of the organization, announcements, etc. Employee activities like time-off requests and W-4 form changes may be automated, thereby leading to fast approvals as well as less paperwork. Human Resource Planning: As referred to the given case study, it is evident that the organization Wordsmiths had immense of market reputation and recognition. The firm conducts its business in an effective manner and possess adequate market share in the country of Australia. Now, with the acquisition of another firm Mainly Books, the organization has rather increased its size and dimension, and with this it has taken up additional roles and responsibilities upon it (Chen, 2009). So, some changes are now required to be introduced in the process of human resource planning. The concept of strategic human resource planning links the management of human resource directly with the strategic planning the firm. Therefore, the company must incorporate the qualitative form of human resource planning (Collings and Mellahi, 2009). This type of planning process would ensure sufficient human resources for meeting the strategic goals as well as operational plans within the firm. It would enable it to assign the right kind of job to the right employee at the right time to bring about the desired positive outcome. The qualitative planning process would keep up the economic, social, technological, and legislative trends which effect upon the organizational human resources of Wordsmiths. This form of strategic human resource planning would enable the organization to predict the required needs of the HR management within the firm after thorough analysis of the present inventory of human resource, the availability of labor in the external market and also the environment where it would operate in(Wang, 2012). Qualitative form of human resource planning would be effective for this organization as it means after successful determination of number of employees in each department within the firm, it is necessary to determine the various types of jobs that would state the minimum qualification required by the hired employees. Quantitative nature of human resource planning includes forecasting of demand as well as supply. It refers to the perfect number of individuals while qualitative approach shows the right quality of workforce required at the firm (de Waal and Roobol, 2014). Generally three methods exist with the process of demand forecasting. Statistical approaches are the reliable means for long range employee forecasting. It includes regression analysis as a significant forecasting technique for estimating the requirements of the workforce depending on sales, output, etc, while both dependent as well as independent variables are related to each other. Managerial judgment is another impor tant aspect of demand forecasting (Townsend et al., 2011). When this organization uses the approach of qualitative method of human resource planning, it would enable managers to think and stay ahead by predicting successfully the actual requirements of the organization. Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing HR functions: The human resource department of an organization is solely responsible to conduct different functions. The department is responsible to oversee employee payroll as well as tax filing including that of employee benefits as well as health of an organization. This department is responsible to manage legal compliance, oversee training and development, and maintain files as well as records(Thompson, 2011). Often, due to greater dimension of responsibilities of the human resource department, it has been becoming excessively complex and comprehensive. This results in the business to outsource its major functions of human resource management. The concept of outsourcing human resource activities has its own advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Outsourcing: Some of the advantages that the mentioned firm may enjoy by outsourcing human resource activities are - 1. Managing risk With respect to the provided case scenario, outsourcing would enable the mentioned business to minimize all risks. By outsourcing, the firms would remain abreast on multiple federal as well as state employment laws. When outsourced, the staffs help businesses to comply with all changing laws for avoiding costly lawsuits (de Waal and Roobol, 2014). It would also enable the firm to maintain as well as audit various policies of the firm for ensuring the entire organization to stay updated. 2. Saving cost Outsourcing supports in reducing the maintenance cost. A completely functional human resource department requires separate office space with trained experts and human resource staffs. So, most of the small business firms prefer outsourcing all activities to external entities to meet the required objectives(Innes and Wiesner, 2012). This reduces all sorts of expenses considerably. 3. Efficiency Outsourcing HR activities would create increased efficiency in the overall system. Advanced technology used in the human resource management would support in streamline vital functions like payroll, compliance management, benefit administration, etc. Outsourcing therefore helps in preventing wastage of time in tedious paperwork. 4. Employee development The concept of outsourcing enables businesses to manage performance as well as development of employees. This enables periodic monitoring of performance as well as finding report for management (Janssens and Steyaert, 2009). This lessens the burden of the managers by reducing needless responsibilities. The managers may increasingly focus on the development of the workforce. Disadvantages of Outsourcing HR activities: Some of the disadvantages of the outsourcing that the mentioned firm may face are - 1. Poor performance Organizations often outsource activities for limiting costs. However, reduced costs leads to decreased quality of performance by the firm that serves the outsourced firms(Sheehan and Cooper, 2011). Any sort of poor performances in the work or human resource related activities may reduce the overall reputation and image of the firm. This also impacts negatively on the company recognition. 2. Distance This concept of outsourcing often leads to a sense of distance amidst that of the company and its employees. When HR department is inaccessible instantly, the workforce faces delays within communication, and makes employees feel frustrated. This reduces the morale of the workforce. 3. Recruitment problems Often that outsourced-employees lack the proper understanding of the organizational culture and practices internally. Since human resource department hire employees, this lack of understanding shifts to new employees who fail to fit within the organizational culture. Most importantly, the organizational success depends greatly upon the performance of organizational workforce (Janssens and Steyaert, 2009). 4. Information leaks Outsourcing human resources activities often results in communicating important and sensitive information of the company. The process of outsourcing often causes release of essential information to the other organization where outsourcing activities are bestowed upon. This increases the chances of information leaks. 5. Loss of control or Dependency Once human resource activities or functions are outsourced to external means, the organizational management or higher authority often relies upon the external means for getting their tasks done(Kaufman, 2001). This leads to loss of effective control upon the important activities, and they become increasingly dependent upon the external sources. As mentioned in the case scenario, Gemma is the chief human resource manager. She is at such a position where she is solely responsible for taking effective decisions at the given situation. In this situation, before hopping on to any final decision, it is important for her to understand the internal as well as external circumstances of the organization (Kramar, 2013). Since she has been assigned with one of the greatest responsibilities of the organization that is to seek for strategic human resource management within the firm, she is responsible for taking key decisions regarding the human resource management and functions at Wordsmiths. With the company Wordsmiths acquiring the book retail store Mainly Books, the overall dimension of activities and organizational functions have widened and the scopes of human resource department have increased greatly. With the acquisition of Mainly Books, the responsibilities of Wordsmiths have increased greatly, and so the human resource departm ent would have to put greater effort to maintain all activities and functions of the company. Gemma, who is the concerned human resource manager at Wordsmiths, needs to make important decisions like whether to take up all activities within the firm or to outsource human resource activities to external means. Although outsourcing has great number of advantages, it is not justified on behalf of Gemma to adopt such an approach (Lange, 2013). It is better for the mentioned organization to conduct all activities within the organization itself and not outsource those. This would ensure increased quality and effectiveness of the incorporated functions. Conclusions: As referred to in the case study, the organization and its employers need to act in good faith that extends towards employers consulting with employees regarding the changes to organization such as how this would impact upon the workforce, informing the employees clearly about the selection criteria for redundancy, providing the employees with a reasonable notice period if chosen, and also advising them regarding any resource or assistance to be offered to redundant employees (Lee Cooke, 2011). Another important aspect the employer must take an account of is the impacts the redundancies upon the existing workforce. Recommendations: Since the process of downsizing might sometimes have adverse impact upon staff morale and productivity, it is important that the organization or its employers adopt a fair means to incorporate the process within the organization. Qualitative form of human resource planning would be effective for this organization as it means after successful determination of number of employees in each department within the firm, it is necessary to determine the various types of jobs that would state the minimum qualification required by the hired employees (Mahoney, 2000). Quantitative nature of human resource planning includes forecasting of demand as well as supply. It refers to the perfect number of individuals while qualitative approach shows the right quality of workforce required at the firm. Although outsourcing has great number of advantages, it is not justified on behalf of Gemma to adopt such an approach. It is better for the mentioned organization to conduct all activities within the orga nization itself and not outsource those. This would ensure increased quality and effectiveness of the incorporated functions. References Bowen, D. and Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-Firm Performance Linkages: The Role of the "Strength" of the HRM System.The Academy of Management Review, 29(2), p.203. Campos e Cunha, R. and Cunha, M. (n.d.). Impact of Strategy, HRM Strength and HRM Bundles on Innovation Performance and Organizational Performance.SSRN Journal. Chadwick, C. (2005). The vital role of strategy in strategic human resource management education.Human Resource Management Review, 15(3), pp.200-213. Chen, C. (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performance: the mediating role of knowledge management capacity.Strategic Direction, 25(6). Collings, D. and Mellahi, K. (2009). 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